Final Hazard Blog

For my final blog I want to mention that there's many hazards that affect different parts of the world represented in many ways. The main natural disaster's that caught my attention that caused many casualties in which was very significant to how we now observe these disasters, such as mass wasting and flooding. Mass wasting and flooding both work together to cause casualties and destruction. From  the book there are many types of mass wasting and downslope such as rock fall, slump, soil slip, rock slide, avalanche, creep, earthflow, debris flow, and complex which depend on the area of the situation.  Driving and resisting forces are not static because as local conditions change, these force are likely to change, increasing or decreasing the safety factors, which determine the variables of type of earth materials, slope angle and topography, climate, vegetation, water and time all account for in the environment. Flooding is caused by heavy rain and flooding occurs when the sewer system is not working or there not one. from a past blog "coastal hazards" the month that are the worst  would be July due to the worst flooding disaster occurring. The reason why I'm addressing these as a priority is because of the countries lack evolvement or care less towards it's people to improve their conditions. These hazards only become deadly when they don't take care of the pollution problem that blocks sewer systems from taking the water. My recommendations to the government would be to prevent mass wasting in parts of Pakistan in order to protect people, the government should invest in the sewer system to prevent a flood from happening and loosening up the ground. The first place that I would help would be Karachi and some villages in the poor area where they're affected by the hazard. I would construct my house in the wealthy residences of Lahore because the sewer system is updated due the residence taking action and investing money to protect themselves from my personal experience. 

Work Cited

KELLER, EDWARD A.. DEVECCHIO, DUANE E. NATURAL HAZARDS: earths processes as hazards, disasters, and catastrophes (fourth edition). ROUTLEDGE, 2016
https://www.bing.com/images/search

Coastal Hazards in Pakistan

For this week's I will talk about the Coastal Hazards in Pakistan. Coastal areas are dynamic environments that vary in their topography, climate, and organisms by which in these areas continental and oceanic process converge to produce landscapes that are capable of rapid change, also topography is greatly influenced by tectonic plates (Keller 366).

Pakistan's longest coastline is Balochistan 771kms while the total length of the coastal area is 1100km and the coastal areas are in the province of Sindh and Balochism. The only coastal problem I could find is about flooding in Karachi which I have already talked about. But I did find a Coastal Hazard early warming system in Pakistan (Gap Analysis) for tsunami and cyclone in the coastal area of Balochistan and Sindh. If a large earthquake were to occur off the coast of Pakistan and triggered a tsunami, residents of fishing villages would to act quickly in order to escape. An earlier incident from tsunami caused by a earthquake in this region in November 1945 claimed hundreds of lives and many of the fatalities occurred along the coast of Indus river Delta, today many of the villagers can only be reached by boat, also telecommunications are limited. These circumstances add to the challenge of alerting the local people of the danger coming their way. The limitations of early warming dissemination systems in the coastal belt of Pakistan has not been a dream idea. Besides the old system I couldn't find any modern system that the country uses today to prevent these mistakes or to warm the locals.

Work Cited

https://reliefweb.int

http://www.einfopedia.com

KELLER, EDWARD A.. DEVECCHIO, DUANE E. NATURAL HAZARDS: earths processes as hazards, disasters, and catastrophes (fourth edition).

Pakistan Extreme Weather 

What makes Pakistan different from other countries extreme weather conditions is that Pakistan paces high temperatures which is heat waves and the winter being very cold.From personal experience living in Pakistan for 8 years summer was always the worst part because of the high temperature from the brutal sun waves, you had to consume a lot of water and pray not to go out side for anything, unless to go swimming in a pool or lake to cool down your body. When it was winter it would be very cold with minimum temperatures being 39F in Punjab, and when is rained it would flood the streets of Pakistan and heavily. The only thing people can do is to stay indoors or go for a swim from personal experience. 
According to an article  "The Express Tribune" Pakistan is among the south Asian countries that are in a high rick of being attacked by intense heat waves by the end of the century that would ultimately make human survival very difficult. A study based on computer simulation by researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology  have made startling revelations about the impact of climate change on south Asian countries, which includes Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. Furthermore "If climate change continues at its current pace, deadly heat waves beginning in the decade will strike" heat waves across south Asia  "in the summer killed an estimated 3,500 people in 2015 " similar events can expected to occur more frequently and intense according the international researcher.

  

According to Wikipedia climate of Pakistan on may 26 in 2010 the world's highest temperature was recorded at -53.3C which is 128.3F in Pakistan. It was  characterized by extreme variations of temperature both seasonally and daily 117F in the summer. Also the forth highest temperature ever recorded in the earth. In the summer the hot winds called loo blow across the plains during the day, the dey hot weather is broken occasionally by dust storms.

Work cited 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Pakistan

www.bing.com
https://tribune.com.pk/story/image

Mass Wasting

Mass Wasting Week:8

According to the book landslides are a comprehensive term in which any type of downslope movement of earth materials, which in stricter sense, mass wasting refers to a rapid downslope movement of rocks or soil as a more or less coherent mass. There are many types of mass wasting and downslope such as rock fall, slump, soil slip, rock slide, avalanche, creep, earthflow, debris flow, and complex which depend on the area of the situation (217).  Driving and resisting forces are not static because as local conditions change, these force are likely to change, increasing or decreasing the safety factors, which determine the variables of type of earth materials, slope angle and topography, climate, vegetation, water and time all account for in the environment. 

According tp BBC news article dozens of people dead in Pakistan and India after landslide and flooding in 2016. At least 58 people are reported killed in the northern Pakistan and India by flash floods which occurred with monsoon rain falls and which triggered landslides. But I will be focusing on Pakistan. hundreds of people die in southern and northern parts due to monsoon raining flood seasons. A flash flood hit the village of chitral overnight, several people were praying in the local mosque and some were sleeping that were killed. The country was in panic, rescuers deployed as soon as they could but sadly late to save many lives. Personally I who have lived in Pakistan and in  first hand has experience how poor some villages are and have visited them.  How poorly the road, building structures and how the area is near a larger lake or river which can be a risk.
 To prevent mass wasting in parts of Pakistan personally I think in order to protect people the government should invest in the sewer system to prevent a flood from happening and loosening up the ground. Personally the Pakistan government only cares when a massive death toll due to a mass wast affects them. I couldn't find anything that related to preventing mass wasting besides rescuring people when its really serious.

work cited

http://www.bbc.com/news/world
KELLER, EDWARD A.. DEVECCHIO, DUANE E. NATURAL HAZARDS: earths processes as hazards, disasters, and catastrophes (fourth edition). ROUTLEDGE, 2016

https://www.bing.com/images/

Volcanic Eruption

Volcanic Eruption 

Volcanic activity are typically related to the tectonic plates, with most volcanoes being located near active plate boundaries. Two-thirds of all active volcanoes are above sea level on earth are located within the Pacific "Ring of Fire" according to the book on page (128). 

Pakistan is not in danger of an volcanic eruption. The nearest island I found that has volcanic activity is Indonesia on the island of  Jakarta the name is Lesser Sunda Agung. Indonesia is the country that contains the most active volcanos in the world. The Eurasian plate, Pacific plate and Indonesia plate-Australian plate are three active tectonic plates that the subduction zone that form these volcanos and the country has about 129 volcanos which are showing active and are being carefully monitored by the Centre of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation (Natural Disaster). According to the article Natural Disaster  "the weak state of infrastructure and property in combination with the high population density imply that natural disasters in Indonesia may cause more casualties than they should because it will require smaller force to make a building collapse" and over 5 million people are living in the "danger zone" as soon as they see any danger, they will immediately evacuate. The article continues on saying there is at least one significant volcano eruption in Indonesia every year, usually there is no great damage to the environment or casualties (ND). A positive development to volcano eruptions are that less life's are taken than the past because of a better methods are applied. Many locals refuse to leave their childhood because of a volcanos. I couldn't really find more what the country is doing beside warning people. 

Work Cited

https://jasonjutablog.files.wordpress.com/2015/09/volcano_cutaway_jasonjuta.jpg

http://www.wkrg.com/news/international/volcanic-activity-reported-in-indonesia

www.indonesia-investments.com/business/risks/natural-disasters

KELLER, EDWARD A.. DEVECCHIO, DUANE E. NATURAL HAZARDS: earths processes as hazards, disasters, and catastrophes (fourth edition). ROUTLEDGE, 2016

Pakistan earthquakes

Earthquakes

For week 3, earthquakes in Pakistan. But first a brief introduction to earthquakes in general to understand the effects of earthquakes and why earthquakes occur, first we need to know the causes of these boundaries. Earthquakes occur along the plate where the earths crust which is the weakest part known as the fault. A fault is a semi-planar fracture system where rocks have been moved to the other side (Keller 55). The earth is a dynamic evolving system in which the movement of tectonic plates results in the formation and destruction of ocean basins and uplifts mountains, and the process is active along the boundaries of the phosphoric plates where faulting occurs (Keller 54). In Keller, geologists use centuries old mining terminology to describe the rocks and that are displaced across the faults, because many early mines were dug into the earth along inclined surfaces to mine mineralized ore veins along fault zones (55). Most importantly, when a fault rupture occurs such as rocks breaking apart suddenly and violently. It releases a stored elastic strain energy in the form of seismic waves which produces a strong motion that passes through the ground under our feet that we perceive as a earthquake which cracks the ground and damages buildings and others structures (Keller 59).  

Pakistan's earthquakes history and what are they doing to prevent these events from occurring.

An example"A major earthquake shook Pakistan on Saturday, October 8, 2005, at 8:50 a.m. The epicenter of this magnitude 7.6 quake was about 65 miles north-northeast of Islamabad, the country’s capital. At least 86,000 people were killed, more than 69,000 were injured, and extensive damage resulted in northern Pakistan. The heaviest damage occurred in the Muzaffarabad area of Kashmir" (Tuz). Also the more I researched about Chi Tuz, their a foundation that helps people who have suffered from a major natural tragedy and trying to do their part to the community. What is Pakistan's government doing to prevent earthquakes from happening, i was reading an article that said what the government says only looks good on paper but in person have nothing to show for. From the article "Pakistan 'nowhere near prepared for another major disaster" measures introduced by the Pakistan government to reduce the risk and impact of disasters may look good on paper, but the reality is marked differently, according to a research study commissioned by the Disaster Emergency Committee. Also, Pakistan  is nowhere near prepared for another major disaster like as the example in 2010, and isn't even prepared for the much smaller disasters you would expect in a country with the geography and other issues they face. 

work cited 

https://pt.slideshare.net/rizwansamor/seismicity-of-pakistan

Chi, Tuz. “2005 Kashmir Earthquake.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, Wikipedia/wiki/2005_Kashmir_earthquake

Pakistan 'nowhere near prepared for another major disaster

Pakistan Tectonic plates

Pakistan Tectonic plates

For week 2 tectonic plates are responsible for many devastating natural hazards also including earthquakes, volcanoes and etc (Keller 34). There are three types of different boundaries of tectonic plates; divergent, convergent, and transform. Which are defined with the relative movement of the earth's boundary. Divergent boundaries occur when our neighbors parts of the plates are moving away from each other and a new lithosphere is being formed (Keller 36). Convergent boundaries occurs when the plates are moving towards each other (Keller 36). Finally, Transform boundary occurs when both of the edges of the plates slide past each other, like what happened to the San Andrea's fault (Keller 38). With the 21th century biologists and geologists have an educated understanding of the evolution of change in how the earth works, such as the direction of the plate movement, distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes eruptions.

First of all, Pakistan's tectonic plates is split along the boundary of Indian and Eurasian between Sindh and Punjab. With the images Pakistan is in between the Indian plate, Eurasian plate and also is near the Arabian plate provided in the Esri plate map. For myself who has sent 8 years of his life in Pakistan, i have never experience any natural hazards lucky to say but have seen them on locate new.

                                                               Work Cited
KELLER, EDWARD A.. DEVECCHIO, DUANE E. NATURAL HAZARDS: earths processes as hazards, disasters, and catastrophes (fourth edition). ROUTLEDGE, 2016
http://paleopix.com/blog
http://www.earthobservatory.sg/news/pakistan-earthquake-and-mud-volcano-24-sep-2013